This Report is one of the eight TDA TumenNET project components. It consists of 10 chapters that describe current status of large predators and ungulates populations, threats to existence of these populations and recommendations for conservation of these species. It also considers transboundary problems of large predators and ungulates conservation, including areal fragmentation and migration ways disturbance.

First three chapters consider environmental conditions of large predators and ungulates habitation and factors that determine their distribution and number. Social-economic conditions, influencing large predators and ungulates populations, including particularities of forestry, agricultural and hunting issues; influence of border regime and other influential activities, are described.

The fourth chapter considers threats to mammal biodiversity conservation in detail, particular attention is paid to the problem of rapidly increasing fragmentation of the region. In order to demonstrate human effects on large predators and ungulates populations, following issues have been analyzed:

As far as the Particularly Protected Natural Territory (PPNT) system is the most important link in large predators and ungulates conservation, the fifth chapter pays special attention to existing protection system. Legislative base for animal conservation in each of the countries, participating in the TumenNET project, including international treaties, is reviewed.

Chapters 6-7 and Part III thoroughly consider current status of large predators and ungulates populations (historic range, population density, dynamics of population, and trophic links). Tiger and leopard, being the most threatened species, are the top links of the trophic chains. That is why they are the model objects for development of the TumenNET area biodiversity conservation measures system. Interrelations of predators and ungulates are examined with these species taken as example. For trophic interrelations characteristics, wolf-zeren connections in Mongolia are examined.

Chapters 8-9 of the Report are devoted to transboundary problems of large predators and ungulates conservation, for instance, migration ways infraction, influence of the border regime specificity.

Proposed are measures for:

Part III includes 15 maps and tables, species reviews, proposed system of ecological corridors in the TumenNET area, and references.

Relations between this report and other reports. National reports have provided the present Report with information on the main environmental parameters and socioeconomic conditions in the TumenNET area. Besides, these reports have formulated proposals on biodiversity conservation, which have been agreed by governments of countries, participating in the TumenNET project. Most closely present Report relates to the theme of sector report on loss of habitats. In the next stages of transboundary diagnostic analysis and strategic action plan development these two reports should be considered together.

"Strategy for conservation of the Amur tiger in Russia", 1996, and "Strategy for conservation of the Far Eastern leopard in Russia", 1999, developed by group of leading specialists and approved by Russian Government were used at preparation of the present Report.

Anthropogenic development of the territories initiated deterioration of natural ecosystems, which is the reason of habitat loss for majority of ungulate and predator species, infraction of the migration ways.

Prevention of areal fragmentation by means of Particularly Protected Natural Territory (PPNT) system optimization should become a priority in conservation of large predators and ungulates.

Tiger and leopard are the top link of the trophic chain. That is why it is expedient that the proposed PPNT system is focused on these species conservation in such a way that areas of different protection regime, which are included in PPNT, could provide protection for about 1/3 of tiger population and about 80% of leopards.

PPNT system optimization needs to be accompanied with the following measures, some of which have to be considered as most important ones:

Establishment of an interconnecting network of national parks, reserves and protected areas is urgently required to protect those endangered mammals. The international wildlife network should include breeding and feeding sites, and dispersal corridors.